Steel forgings are blanks and parts obtained by plastic deformation of heated metal under hammers and presses. Forging compacts the structure, eliminates casting defects (pores, cavities), and forms a fibrous macrostructure that increases fatigue strength. Open die forging is for large single forgings weighing up to 50 tons: turbine and generator shafts, rotors, discs, flanges, shells, rolled rings. Hydraulic presses 1000–15,000 tf. Hot drop forging (in closed dies) is for serial parts: connecting rods, crankshafts, gears, levers. Weight 0.5–100 kg. Crank hot forging presses 1000–6300 tf. Steels: 20, 45, 40Kh, 34KhN1M, 38KhN3MFA (for critical products). Heat treatment: normalization, quenching + tempering. Control: UT (100%), mechanical tests, macrostructure. GOST 8479-70. Machining on CNC to finish dimensions. Difference from casting: deformation compacts metal, closes shrinkage pores, forms fibrous macrostructure – fatigue strength of forging is 2–3 times higher than casting. For turbine shafts, connecting rods, gears – only forging. Ring rolling: ring forgings (flanges, bands, bearing rings) Ø100–5000 mm. Equipment: ring rolling mills. Documentation: certificate 3.1 EN 10204, forging passport, macrostructure (sulfur print), mechanical tests, UT.