General industrial fasteners — hex head bolts (GOST 7798-70, DIN 933/931), hex nuts (GOST 5915-70, DIN 934), flat washers (GOST 11371-78, DIN 125) and spring lock washers (GOST 6402-70, DIN 127). Strength class 4.6, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8 — for general construction and mechanical engineering applications. The first digit × 100 = tensile strength (MPa): e.g., 5.8 → σв = 500 MPa, σт = 500 × 0.8 = 400 MPa. Material: carbon steel St10–St35. Coating: zinc (electrochemical 6–12 µm or hot-dip 40–60 µm), phosphate, uncoated. Sizes: M6–M48. Packaging: boxes, cartons, bags. Documentation: batch certificate, mechanical test report. Standards: GOST 7798 / DIN 933 (bolts), GOST 5915 / DIN 934 (nuts), GOST 11371 / DIN 125 (flat washers), GOST 6402 / DIN 127 (Grover washers). Electro-galvanizing: thickness 6–12 µm, for indoor use. Hot-dip galvanizing: 40–60 µm, for outdoor use. Packaging: boxes 5–25 kg, crates 50 kg. Documentation: batch certificate, mechanical test report.